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What is Configuration Management?
Allan,G.W. (1997) Logistics=20 Spectrum,Vol. 31 No. 1: pp. 15-18, ISSN = 0024-5852


George Allan
Department of Information Systems, =
University of=20 Portsmouth,
Buckingham Building
Lion Terrace=20 Portsmouth
Hampshire
PO1 3HE

Tel: +44 (0) 23 9284 6415
Fax: +44 (0) 23 9284 6402

E-mail : George.allan@port.ac.uk


  • Abstract<= /A>=20
    • Keywords<= /A>=20
  • Introduct= ion=20
  • Clarifica= tion=20 of some defintitions
    • Popular=20 Misconceptions=20
    • Tradition= al=20 Model of CM=20
    • Defintion= s=20
    • Configura= tion=20 Management Method=20
    • Traceabil= ity=20
    • When=20 does a Computer System become a configuration
  • Conclusi= on=20
  • Referenc= es=20

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to put forward a model for = successful=20 Configuration Management by introducing the RAC Model. This paper=20 clarifies some popular misconceptions about Configuration = Management and=20 Change Control and then goes forward to establish definitions of=20 Configuration, Configuration Management, Configuration Object and=20 Configuration Object Type. The RAC model takes account of the = concept of a=20 Registry as well as Identity Control, Document Control and Default = Reporting. The model is then extended to cater for Change Control = and=20 addresses problems such as the Objects of Change Control, = Resistance to=20 Change, Manifestation of Need for Change, Types of Change to = hardware,=20 software, Networks and Communications. It introduces methods, = procedures,=20 working practices leading to the eventual acceptance of Change. It = further=20 addresses Causes of Change, the Outward Appearance of Change, and=20 Managerial Issues of Change. Finally, the paper profiles the costs = of=20 Configuration management ,and highlights those often hidden costs = of the=20 upgrade process with surprising results.=20

Key Words

Configuration, Configuration Object, Configuration Object Type, = Configuration Management, Identity Control, Document Control, = Default=20 Reporting, Audit, Change Control=20

Introduction

Most people concerned with the technicalities of computer = departments,=20 the writing of software, or the configuring of hardware will agree = that=20 there is a need for =93Configuration Management=94.=20

The vast majority of right-thinking people will realise that = all but=20 the simplest of computer systems need to be managed so as to give = a timely=20 and reliable output to the work, effort and data input. With the = ever=20 increasing amount of software on the market and ever changing = performances=20 in hardware standards it is often difficult to keep up with all = the=20 products that are available; and even with the emphatic moves = towards open=20 systems the compatibility of available products with your own = current=20 system is often a worry. Many is the tale of long hours spent by = the=20 technical department trying to get two pieces of software to = communicate.=20 This is often as a result of trying to fit a square peg into a = round hole=20 because some new application has come onto the market with very = attractive=20 sales literature and been recommended for purchase without due = regard to=20 whether it would fit into the present working environment.=20

There are other incidences where companies have subsequently = found that=20 they have purchased the same product many times over by = independent=20 internal departments who had no knowledge of what was already = available=20 within the company. This has led to wasted licence fees.=20

There is also much confusion between Change Control and = Configuration=20 Management. The panacea for all these ills is often sought in=20 =93Configuration Management=94 (CM). This paper aims to dispel the = myths=20 around CM and outline a model for Change Control (CC) within = Configuration=20 Management (CM).=20

Return = to=20 top=20

Clarification of some definitions

Popular Misconceptions

There is a great belief that CM adds enormous quantities of = paperwork=20 to the documentation of a computer system. Alternatively, some = people=20 firmly believe that CM is a documentation system for keeping = records to=20 show which software applications are on whose hard disc. Others = consider=20 CM to apply only to software while it is being developed; others = think=20 that CM really is the same as Change Control or Version Control. = So let us=20 start with some popular attempts at sensible definitions and = establish=20 from these a common base line for the progress of this paper.=20

=93Configuration management involves the collection and = maintenance of=20 data concerning the hardware and software of computer systems that = are=20 being used.=94 [SIMON & DENNIS - Ref 1]=20

=93CM embodies a set of techniques used to help define, = communicate and=20 control the evolution of a product or system through its concept,=20 development, implementation and maintenance phases.=94 [SWEETMAN - = Ref 2]=20

=93CM, a key concept in the Information Age, is a set of = systematic=20 controls to keep information up to date and accurate.=94 [MORRIS - = Ref 3]=20

=93CM identifies in detail the total configuration (i.e. = hardware,=20 firmware, software, services and supplies) current at any time in = the life=20 cycle of each system to which it is applied, together with any = changes or=20 enhancements that are proposed or are in course of being = implemented. It=20 provides traceability of changes through the lifecycle of each = system and=20 across associated systems or groups of systems. It therefore = permits the=20 retrospective reconstruction of a system whenever necessary.=94=20

This last quotation comes from BS 6488 the British Standard = Code of=20 Practice for Configuration Management of computer based systems. = [BS 6488=20 - Ref 4]=20

The British Standard BS 6488 : 1984 goes on to define the = following=20 terms:=20

configuration management; configuration; system life cycle;=20 configuration baseline; configuration item and configuration = status=20 accounting. While it would be foolish to ignore or deliberately = contravene=20 these definitions, I shall draw on them and my own practical = experience in=20 the following text and formulate what I hope will be an acceptable = set of=20 terms and their definitions.=20

Let me first emphasise that by the use of the term = CONFIGURATION I am=20 referring to all parts of a computer system which includes = Hardware;=20 Software Application Packages; Bespoke Software; Operating = System(s)=20 Software; In-house developed and maintained Software; = Documentation in=20 Manuals and On-Screen Help Files; Communication Interfaces; LANs, = WANs and=20 all peripherals; Working Practices.=20

As an illustration consider a reasonable model of a distributed = computer system.=20

Diagram of a distributed computer =
system

Figure 1: The Spatial Model

This diagram represents the hardware and some of the people . = The=20 software is implied. What such a diagram does not show is the=20 documentation and the working practices that constitute the = configuration.=20

The end product of an effective CM system is an awareness of = the status=20 of all components at any given instance in time. Any computer = system=20 supporting a real commercial concern or business will be = undergoing change=20 almost continually to keep that commercial business viable and=20 competitive.=20

Therefore there will be an almost certain call for existing = hardware to=20 be upgraded, new hardware to be purchased, obsolete hardware to be = replaced, modern communications equipment to be installed, = networks to be=20 developed, new software packages to be added, existing software to = be=20 upgraded, etc. etc. etc.=20

Without careful planning and consideration many mistakes could = be made=20 - resulting in money and time being wasted. The support staff = should be=20 able to give a =93snap shot=94 of the individual components of the = whole=20 configuration and advise on whether certain purchases or changes = are=20 advisable, possible with proper care or even impossible to cope = with. In=20 many systems the technical staff operate on a knife edge of = nervous=20 tension caused by a lack of confidence in whether changes will = work or=20 cause disaster.=20

Hardware is something that most us of can identify. We also = understand=20 that each item of hardware will need some sort of software; we = further=20 usually appreciate that each item of hardware and its associated = software=20 deserves an operating manual (usually to be consulted if all else = fails);=20 and that when many items of hardware and software are combined to = form a=20 system then each individual user should observe set procedures for = getting=20 jobs done. We are now beginning to get into the parts of the = system that=20 often get ignored (or deliberately forgotten) when considering the = CONFIGURATION as a whole.=20

Return = to=20 top=20

Traditional Model of CM

Over the last 15 = years or so=20 CM has evolved to include:=20
  • Identification Method=20
  • Control Mechanism=20
  • Audit Procedures=20
  • Configuration Status Reporting

Definitions

The Configuration

That group of all the configuration objects that are linked = together or=20 stand separately but together form the computer based system under = consideration. When all objects are considered as a whole this = constitutes=20 the configuration.

Examples

It is possible to consider a large and complex computer based = system as=20 being made up of a number of smaller, easier to define = configurations.=20 Thus a commercial company may run a LAN configuration for office=20 management which interfaces to a MIS configuration for management=20 discussions and decisions, linked to Admin configuration for = general=20 administration and payroll etc. These might in part be linked to = external=20 configurations via remote links for the wider context of the = commercial=20 aims of that company.

Any one configuration must not be allowed to get so large, = complex or=20 cumbersome that it becomes unmanageable.

It should be noted that this configuration will never be = static. There=20 is possibly more worth in considering =93the system=94 as a = generic descriptor=20 of the entire computer based system if it is ever found necessary = to have=20 such a descriptor.

Identification Method

Each item in the conputer configuration must be labelled = somehow, so=20 that it can be uniquely identified later.

Examples
  • A PC processor identified by make, model and serial number.=20
  • A PC keyboard identified by make, mode and Identity Code.=20
  • A software Operating System identified by its name and = version=20 number.=20
  • A training manual identified by its title and release = number.=20

Control Mechanism

It is necessary to have some method to control changes to the = hardware=20 and software and sometimes the other resources in the computer = system.=20 Without any control over the component parts it is obvious that = very soon=20 no-one would have much of an idea of currency of hardware and=20 compatibility issues would be a problem. Unfortunately, the = control is=20 usually lacking in commercial/industrial systems and that is a = main reason=20 why so many computer systems are difficult to manage.

Auditing

I now return to the function of the Audit process. With the = popularity=20 of BS 5750 and the growth in Quality awareness the Audit has = become part=20 of many commercial business practices. With my proposed model of = CM the=20 audit procedure will cease to be annual, biennial or triennial=20 trial-by-fire. Since the information should all be to hand, albeit = archived and therefore need to be recalled in time for a well = planned=20 audit, the actual process of the audit will become little more = than a=20 virtual reaffirmation by an independent body in the case of a 3rd = party=20 audit, by an independent person in the case of a 2nd party audit, = or by a=20 nominated person from an independent department in the case of a = 1st party=20 audit.

Status Reporting

Status Accounting has traditionally been the recording and = reporting on=20 the configuration status and configuration change with the passage = of=20 time.

This information was an historical record of the development of = the=20 computer-based system and was occasionally used in management = decisions.=20 In my proposed model this functionality will be subsumed into the = domain=20 of the Registrar. All information pertaining to status of the=20 configuration (present and past) will be available within an = efficient CM=20 registry. Most historic data will of necessity be archived and = could be=20 recalled for management decisions. This is in line with good = practice in=20 any well run computer system.

Return = to=20 top

Configuration Management Method

Some CM systems are little more than a list of all hardware = items on an=20 inventory with a similar list of all software packages that have = been=20 purchased and require licensing action. I propose that as far as = possible=20 like-should-be-kept-with-like.

In its simplest form CM can be thought of as a list of all the = named CM=20 objects with cross reference to linked objects.

Hardware Software Manuals Codes of Practice
Work Station ID=1234 MS-DOS V6.0 User Manual no. D5 xyz/123
MS Works User Manual no. W17 NIL
PC Model ALLANGW ID=5678 MS-DOS V6.0 In-house booklet abc abc
MS Word for Windows User Manual 123 345xyz
MS Office User Manual 234 189 etc.
MS Project User Manual 345
-
Corel Draw User Manual 456 & Short Notes 789
-

Table 1: Example

With careful and thorough systems analysis a reliable system = could be=20 created logically with E-R diagram leading to the construction of = a=20 Relational Data Base for almost any configuration within any = commercial=20 company. It must be pointed out that there are two issues which = the above=20 has uncovered and often escape the attention needed in developing = a=20 reliable and effective CM method.

Objects must be identified uniquely.

The link between objects must be established.

Traceability

One important function of CM is to identify the links within = object=20 type and provide a measure of traceability. Traceability links one = CM=20 object to another at object level.=20

Generic and specific links between CM objects.

NB Software object could be:-=20

Code Unit; sub unit; reusable parts of code; function; library=20 procedure; file; Design specification; Requirement specification;=20 Functional specification; Test case and data; Documentation.=20

=93To make changes to the (software) system, programmers = normally need to=20 understand the relations among components of the system, e.g. the = contents=20 and purpose of modules in the system, their relations to other = modules in=20 the system, and the historical context in which the modules are=20 developed.=94
[RAMAMOORTHY - Ref 5]=20

=93To maintain correctly information about software objects and = all links=20 between them manually is a daunting and sometimes near impossible = task. It=20 is possible to use reverse engineering tools to generate some of = the=20 information stored in the database directly from programs.=94 =
[CHEN et=20 al - Ref 6]=20

Traceability should also be considered at the system level = (synonymous=20 with Integration & Test and Version Control) and at Life Cycle = level.=20 Thus integrating the software objects with hardware, comms = objects,=20 documentation etc. This will achieve full CM throughout the entire = configuration=20

The question of traceability is the key to converting what is=20 effectively merely a list into a proper CM method.=20

Return = to=20 top=20

When Does A Computer System Become A = Configuration?=20

There are very few =93brand new computer systems=94 around = these days. The=20 question =93When does a computer system become a configuration=94 = is best=20 solved by suggesting to management that the real answer is =93As = soon as CM=20 is adopted=94. There is a tremendous amount of work needed to = catalogue=20 every CM object into a working CM database tool and very careful = thought=20 has to be put into the choosing of the right CM tool for the job. = I would=20 beg any organisation to do a proper analysis of their own computer = system=20 and all its support function (that is the functions that the = computer=20 system provides to support the commercial operations of that = company)=20 before buying a round hole in which to try to squeeze a square = peg. There=20 are already many packages on the market and it is not the purpose = of this=20 paper to compare and contrast these commercial products.=20

One important point which must be emphasised is that CM should = be part=20 of the lifecycle of the configuration. New lifecycle models offer=20 alternatives to the traditional waterfall model especially when=20 considering the software development techniques such as reusable = software,=20 prototypes (throw-away and evolutionary), automated software = synthesis=20 from requirements.
[BERSOFF & DAVIS -.Ref 8]=20

Many texts talk of =93the baseline=94 of a configuration. This = paper=20 contends that there will be a =93momentary snap-shot baseline=94 = at any given=20 instant in time. Even at that snap-shot instant in time some CM = objects=20 will be undergoing a change in status or state. The reality is = that the=20 whole configuration will be evolving all the time. This is not to = be=20 feared or fought against, but should be seen as a natural = progression in=20 the life of any thriving, living, growing business or company. The = confidence element comes from knowing that the configuration is = changing=20 under control and that that control is governed by the technical = support=20 staff (and not the other way round).=20

Return = to=20 top=20

Conclusion

This paper has attempted to cover Configuration Management from = a=20 practical point of view. It has tried to introduce the concepts=20 fundamental to a successful operation. A good system of = Configuration=20 Management within ANY computer based system must lead to an = improvement in=20 effectiveness of that system. This will manifest itself in the = more=20 efficient running of that system, aided by faster responses to = questions=20 concerning that computer based system and by a more efficient work = force=20 who have the confidence in that computer system and who can handle = changes=20 to that system with confidence and the minimum of fuss and = disruption to=20 the real business in hand. It is hoped that this paper will form = the basis=20 for meaningful discussions at an academic, technical and practical = level.=20

References

Ref 1: SIMON J & DENNIS G - =93Methods of Tracking = Intersystem=20 Configuration Management Dependencies=94 Journal of Systems = Management, July=20 1993=20

Ref 2: SWEETMAN S - =93Utilising Expert Systems to Improve the=20 Configuration Management Process=94 Project Management Journal = Vol. 21,=20 March 1990=20

Ref 3: MORRIS M. - =93Configuration Management: Getting the = Facts Right=94=20 Inform IFN ISSN 0892-3876 Vol. 5, May 1991=20

Ref 4: BS 6488 : 1984 British Standard Code of Practice for=20 Configuration Management of Computer-Based Systems.=20

Ref 5: RAMAMOORTHY et al - =93The Evolution Support Environment = System=94=20 IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol 16 No.11 November = 1990. .=20

Ref 6: CHEN, HEISLER, ISAI, CHAN and LEUNG - =93A model for = assembly=20 program maintenance=94 Journal of Software Maintenance Vol 2 no.1 = March 1990=20

Ref 7: =93Programming in the Large=94 IEEE Trans. Software = Engineering Vol=20 SE-12 number 7 July 1986=20

Ref 8: BERSOFF E & DAVIS A - =93Impacts of Life Cycle = Models on=20 Software Configuration Management=94 Communications of the ACM Vol = 34 No 8=20 Aug 1991.=20

Ref 9: BS 5515:1984 British Code of Practice for Documentation = of=20 Computer Based Systems=20


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